![]() In the Second English Civil War, the New Model Army defeated a coalition of Covenanters, English Parliamentarian moderates and Royalists, then in December 1648 removed those who wanted to continue negotiations with Charles. The war in England ended when Charles surrendered to the Scots in 1646, but divisions among his opponents and his refusal to make significant political concessions caused a renewed outbreak of fighting in 1648. In August 1642, failure to break the resulting political deadlock sparked the First English Civil War, which pitted Royalists against Parliamentarians and their Covenanter allies in England and Wales, with separate conflicts in Scotland and Ireland. Although all three agreed on the need to suppress the rebellion, none trusted the other two with control of an army raised to achieve it. Political tensions increased with the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, when the Catholic Confederation won control of large parts of Ireland and began a three way war against troops variously claiming loyalty to Charles, the English Parliament and the Scottish government. The conflict began when Covenanters who opposed Charles' religious reforms won control of Scotland in the 16 Bishops' Wars and briefly occupied northern England, forcing him to recall Parliament in November 1640. In Ireland, the only one of the three to have a Catholic majority, many wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination, greater self-governance, and a reversal of land grants to Protestant settlers. This was exacerbated by differences over religion, with many English and Scots opposing reforms imposed by Charles on the Protestant churches of England and Scotland. While the vast majority supported the institution of monarchy, they disagreed on who held ultimate authority Royalists generally argued political and religious bodies were subordinate to the king, while most of their Parliamentarian opponents backed a limited form of constitutional monarchy. Political and religious conflict between Charles I and his opponents dated to the early years of his reign and culminated in the imposition of Personal Rule in 1629. ![]() ![]() They ended with the Execution of Charles I and establishment of the Commonwealth of England, a unitary republic which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660. Beginning with the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, they include the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars and the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652). ![]() #Total war three kingdoms wiki seriesThe Wars of the Three Kingdoms is the term used for a series of related conflicts fought between 16 in England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate entities united in a Personal union under Charles I of England.
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